1. Michael S. Aldrich, Effects of Alcohol on Sleep, in ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AND AOING 281,287 (Edith S. Lisansky Gomberg et al. eds. 1998). Obstructive sleep apnea is often characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, loud snoring during sleep, and sleep disruption resulting from the closure of the airway. Approximately two percent of adult women and four percent of adult men suffer from the disorder. Terry Young et al., The Occurrence of Sleep Disordered Breathing Among Middle-Aged Adults, 328 NEW ENG. J. MED. 1230 (1993).
2. Maria A. Ron, The Alcoholic Brain: CT Scan and Psychological Findings, 3 PSYCHOL. MED. MONOGRAPHS SUPP. 1 (1983); Igor Grant et al., Diagnosis of Intermediate-Duration and Subacute Organic Mental Disorders in Abstinent Alcoholics, 48 J. CLIN. PSYCHIATRY 319 ( 1987).
3. Jerome J. Platt et al., Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Its Development and Effectiveness After 30 Years, in HEROIN IN THE AGE OF CRACK COCAINE 160, 161-62, 172-77 (James A. Inciardi & Lana D. Harrison eds. 1998).
4. JEROME J. PLATT, HEROIN ADDICTION: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND TREATMENT 246-47 (2d ed. 1986).
5. Charles Saul Lieber, Medical Disorders of Alcoholism, 333 NEW ENG. J. MED. 1058 (1995); Michael E. Chamess et al., Ethanol and the Nervous System, 321 NEW ENG. J. MED. 442 (1989); Maurice Victor et al., THE WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME (1989).The Wemicke-Korsakoff syndrome occurs in two stages. The first stage, Wemicke's encephalopathy, is characterized by ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and memory deficit. Other symptoms of this stage may include apathy, confusion, and polyneuropathy of the arms and legs. The second phase, Korsakoff syndrome, reflects the residual symptoms of Wemicke's encephalopathy, such as an inability to learn new information. DAVID E. HARTMAN, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICALTOXICOLOGY: IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN NEUROTOXIC SYNDROMES 243-44 (2nd ed. 1995).