1. Voir Said , E. 1980.L'Orientalisme384Paris L'Orient crée par l'Occident Seuil
2. Lewis , M. W. and Wigen , K. E. 1997.The Myth of Continent, A Critique of Metageography 47–103. London: University of California Press. Berkeley
3. Is There A Middle East?
4. Captain Mahan, General Gordon, and the origins of the term ‘Middle East’
5. Drysdale , A. and Blake , G. H. 1985.The Middle East and North Africa, A political geography 10–11. Oxford: Oxford University Press.