1. Communicating Pan-Africanism: Caribbean leadership and global impact
2. According to Emanuel Sarpung Owusu-Ansah, in a feature article in the magazineMG Modern Ghana(26 September 2011), “Some westerners assert that Africa's socioeconomic predicament is attributable to inferior intelligence… The eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher, economist and historian David Hume is quoted… as saying that he is ‘apt to suspect the Negroes to be naturally inferior to the Whites’.” George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) in hisPhilosophy of Historypronounced that “Africa is no historical part of the world” and that Blacks have no “sense of personality; their spirit sleeps, remains sunk in itself, makes no advance, and thus parallels the compact, undifferentiated mass of the African continent” (cited in Sander L. Gilman,On Blackness Without Blacks: Essays on the Image of the Black in Germany[Boston: C.W. Hall, 1982], 94). Some contemporary academics have made similarly outrageous claims: for example, James Watson, a renowned US scientist and a Nobel Prize winner for his part in discovering the structure of DNA, has asserted (in an interview published by theTimesof London in October 2007) that “the black brain is naturally incapable of formulating and carrying through effective policies”. The introduction of Eugenics, especially in the USA and Hider's Germany, was a pseudo-scientific attempt to confirm the inferiority of the African.