1. James Q Whitman,The Origins of Reasonable Doubt: Theological Roots of the Criminal Trial(Yale University Press, New Haven CT 2008).
2. John Henry Wigmore,A Treatise on the Anglo-American System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law: Including the Statutes and Judicial Decisions of All Jurisdictions of the United States and Canada(3rd edn Little, Brown, Boston MA 1940) IX, 2497, 317 fn2.
3. Henry G Van Leeuwen,The Problem of Certainty in English Thought 1630–1690(Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1963).