Analysis of serum levels of titanium and aluminium ions in patients with early onset scoliosis operated upon using the magnetic growing rod—a single centre study of 14 patients

Abstract

Abstract Study design A cross-sectional retrospective Level 3 study. Objective To study the serum levels of Titanium and Aluminium ions in patients operated using the magnetically controlled growing rod (MCGR) system. Summary of background data 14 consecutive patients of early onset scoliosis with varying etiology managed with MCGR system with a minimum follow-up of 24 months were selected for the study. The group consisted of two boys (14.3%) and 12 girls (85.7%). The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 10.4 years (5–15 years). The average period of follow-up was 43.7 months (28–79 months). After informed consent of the subjects and their caretakers, serum levels of titanium and aluminium were measured. These levels were then assessed with regards to the number of screws used, number of distractions and complications. Methods The concentration of titanium and aluminium ions in the serum was measured using high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results For the sake of ease of assessment, patients were divided into three etiology-based groups—idiopathic (n = 6), neuromuscular (n = 2) and syndromic (n = 6). The mean serum titanium level was 15.9 μg/L (5.1–28.2 μg/L) while that of aluminium was 0.1 μmol/L (0.1–0.2 μmol/L). Of the 14 patients, 2 (14.2%) patients had mechanical failure (actuator pin dysfunction), 3 (21.4%) had rod breakage requiring revision surgery and one patient (7.1%) had surgical site infection managed with appropriate antibiotics. Patients undergoing revision for rod breakage did not show any metallosis of the tissues during surgery. Conclusion Analysis of patients with scoliosis operated using the magnetic growing rod system concludes that it is accompanied by presence of titanium in the blood but whether clinically significant or not needs to be ascertained by comparison of preoperative and postoperative blood concentrations of the titanium ions in individual subjects. The aluminium ion concentration remains within normal limits. Though implant malfunction may raise the titanium levels in the blood, its clinical significance needs to be determined. The aluminium levels are not affected irrespective to the presence or absence of complications. The long-term effects of raised titanium levels in the blood also warrant further prospective studies designed for precise and deeper analyses.