1. Advanced Medical Emergency Department and Critical Care Center Japan Red Cross Maebashi Hospital 371‐0811 Maebashi Japan
2. Department of Trauma and Emergency Surgery Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital Yokohama Japan
3. Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Tsukuba Memorial Hospital Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
4. Health Services Research and Development Center University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
5. Department of Surgery University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
6. Division of Acute Care Surgery Department of Surgery University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA