1. Johan Galtung, ‘Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, and Peacebuilding,’ in Galtung, Peace, War, and Defense: Essays in Peace Research, vol. 2, Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 1976, pp. 282–304.
2. See Michael Doyle, Peacebuilding in Cambodia, Policy Briefing, New York: International Peace Academy, 1996.
3. For an opposite view, stressing the need for effective peacebuilding to be preceded by a peace accord (thus limiting its application to ‘post-conflict’ situations), see Fen Osler Hampson, Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996.
4. Anthony Lake, ‘After the Wars — What Kind of Peace?’, in Lake (ed.), After the Wars, New Brunswick: Transaction, 1990, pp. 13–14. Lake notes that case studies in this volume support several general observations, such as the need for local planning of reconstruction strategies, pragmatic flexibility, regional approaches, context sensitivity, and donor resource constraints: ‘With available international resources limited and the local capacity to use them also constrained, it is vital that careful attention be paid to priorities in reconstruction planning — that in every case there be a clear strategy rather than merely a summons to every possible task’ (p. 16).
5. This differs, then, from Gareth Evans’s suggestion that one may speak of peacebuilding in international regimes as well as of ‘in-country peacebuilding’: Cooperating for Peace, St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1993, pp. 39–51.