1. For the text of Monnet’s memorandum, see R. Vaughan, Postwar Integration in Europe (London, 1976) pp. 51–6.
2. R. C. Mowatt, Creating the European Community (London, 1973) p. 57.
3. Vaughan, Post-war Integration pp. 94–106.
4. Ibid., pp. 16–20.
5. Churchill was actually accused by the prominent Italian federalist Altiero Spinelli of making his speech with the ‘clever and cynical’ aim of enabling the British to take over the leadership of the European movement, ‘which they would guide so as to make sure a real union would never be achieved’. A. Spinelli, The Growth of the European Movement since World War II’, in M. Hodges (ed.), European Integration (London, 1972) pp. 58–9. This, however, ignores the fact that Churchill was not in power when he made this speech, which was designed to encourage union in continental Europe, of which Churchill did not feel Britain was part.