Clinical implications of primary “occult” vesicoureteral reflux in male children

Abstract

Abstract Objectives To compare characteristics and outcomes of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) detected solely on isotopic cystography (IC) (“occult” VUR) with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)-detected VUR. Materials and methods Between 2015 and 2020, we retrospectively enrolled all male children first undergoing VCUG and, if negative, IC in the same session. Kidney injury (KI) was defined by abnormal estimated glomerular filtration rate and/or blood pressure and/or proteinuria. Results We enrolled 421 males with a median age of 3 months and a follow-up of 5.3 years. None exhibited KI initially, but 10% of those with VUR developed KI during follow-up. Two hundred and twenty-two patients (52.7%) did not show VUR, 152 (36.1%) had VCUG-diagnosed VUR, and 47 (11.2%) had occult VUR. Therefore, 47/199 patients (23.6%) with VUR had occult VUR. Among these, 34/47 (72.3%) had dilated VUR, and 22/47 (46.8%) exhibited split renal function < 45% and/or scar (scintigraphic damage). Compared to patients with occult VUR, those with VCUG-diagnosed VUR showed a similar prevalence of febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) before and after VUR diagnostics and KI at the last follow-up but a higher prevalence of dilated VUR, of scintigraphic damage, and underwent surgery more frequently. At multiple logistic regression analysis, patients with VCUG-diagnosed VUR presented an increased risk of fUTI either before or after VUR diagnosis and of KI, while patients with occult VUR presented an increased risk of fUTI before (and among patients with dilated VUR also after) VUR diagnosis and of KI. Conclusion Occult VUR affects 23.6% of male children with VUR with a non-negligible risk of VUR-associated KI and fUTI. IC could select, among males with recurrent fUTIs and negative VCUG, those requiring surgery for a possible dilated occult VUR. Clinical relevance statement Vesicoureteral reflux may be overlooked in 25% of boys during VCUG, yet they are at risk of fUTIs and KI. In case of recurrent infections post-negative cystourethrography, IC could detect occult reflux, guiding surgical intervention.