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2. Blois M.S. (1984). Information and Medicine: The Nature of Medical Descriptions. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
3. The author analyzes the structure of medical knowledge in terms of a hierarchical model of information. He explores the ideas of high- and low-level sciences and suggests that the nature of medical descriptions accounts for difficulties in applying computing technology to medicine.
4. Collen M.F. (1995). A History of Medical Informatics in the United States: 1950 to 1990. Bethesda, MD: American Medical Informatics Association, Hartman Publishing.
5. Degoulet P., Phister B., Fieschi, M. (1997). Introduction to Clinical Informatics. New York: Springer-Verlag.