Elucidating the Link Between Anxiety/Depression and Alzheimer’s Dementia in the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) Study

Abstract

Abstract Background The associations between mood disorders (anxiety and depression) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) remain unclear. Methods Data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarker & Lifestyle (AIBL) study were subjected to logistic regression to determine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between anxiety/depression and MCI/AD. Effect modification by selected covariates was analysed using the likelihood ratio test. Results Cross-sectional analysis was performed to explore the association between anxiety/depression and MCI/AD among 2,209 participants with a mean [SD] age of 72.3 [7.4] years, of whom 55.4% were female. After adjusting for confounding variables, we found a significant increase in the odds of AD among participants with two mood disorders (anxiety: OR 1.65 [95% CI 1.04–2.60]; depression: OR 1.73 [1.12–2.69]). Longitudinal analysis was conducted to explore the target associations among 1,379 participants with a mean age of 71.2 [6.6] years, of whom 56.3% were female. During a mean follow-up of 5.0 [4.2] years, 163 participants who developed MCI/AD (refer to as PRO) were identified. Only anxiety was associated with higher odds of PRO after adjusting for covariates (OR 1.56 [1.03–2.39]). However, after additional adjustment for depression, the association became insignificant. Additionally, age, sex, and marital status were identified as effect modifiers for the target associations. Conclusion Our study provides supportive evidence that anxiety and depression impact on the evolution of MCI/AD, which provides valuable epidemiological insights that can inform clinical practice, guiding clinicians in offering targeted dementia prevention and surveillance programs to the at-risk populations.