Characterization of the Surfaces and Near-Surface Atmospheres of Ganymede, Europa and Callisto by JUICE

Author:

Tosi FedericoORCID,Roatsch ThomasORCID,Galli AndréORCID,Hauber ErnstORCID,Lucchetti AliceORCID,Molyneux PhilippaORCID,Stephan KatrinORCID,Achilleos NicholasORCID,Bovolo FrancescaORCID,Carter JohnORCID,Cavalié ThibaultORCID,Cimò GiuseppeORCID,D’Aversa EmilianoORCID,Gwinner Klaus,Hartogh PaulORCID,Huybrighs HansORCID,Langevin YvesORCID,Lellouch EmmanuelORCID,Migliorini AlessandraORCID,Palumbo PasqualeORCID,Piccioni GiuseppeORCID,Plaut Jeffrey J.ORCID,Postberg FrankORCID,Poulet FrançoisORCID,Retherford KurtORCID,Rezac LadislavORCID,Roth LorenzORCID,Solomonidou AnezinaORCID,Tobie GabrielORCID,Tortora PaoloORCID,Tubiana CeciliaORCID,Wagner RolandORCID,Wirström EvaORCID,Wurz PeterORCID,Zambon FrancescaORCID,Zannoni MarcoORCID,Barabash StasORCID,Bruzzone LorenzoORCID,Dougherty MicheleORCID,Gladstone RandyORCID,Gurvits Leonid I.ORCID,Hussmann HaukeORCID,Iess LucianoORCID,Wahlund Jan-ErikORCID,Witasse OlivierORCID,Vallat ClaireORCID,Lorente RosarioORCID

Abstract

AbstractWe present the state of the art on the study of surfaces and tenuous atmospheres of the icy Galilean satellites Ganymede, Europa and Callisto, from past and ongoing space exploration conducted with several spacecraft to recent telescopic observations, and we show how the ESA JUICE mission plans to explore these surfaces and atmospheres in detail with its scientific payload. The surface geology of the moons is the main evidence of their evolution and reflects the internal heating provided by tidal interactions. Surface composition is the result of endogenous and exogenous processes, with the former providing valuable information about the potential composition of shallow subsurface liquid pockets, possibly connected to deeper oceans. Finally, the icy Galilean moons have tenuous atmospheres that arise from charged particle sputtering affecting their surfaces. In the case of Europa, plumes of water vapour have also been reported, whose phenomenology at present is poorly understood and requires future close exploration. In the three main sections of the article, we discuss these topics, highlighting the key scientific objectives and investigations to be achieved by JUICE. Based on a recent predicted trajectory, we also show potential coverage maps and other examples of reference measurements. The scientific discussion and observation planning presented here are the outcome of the JUICE Working Group 2 (WG2): “Surfaces and Near-surface Exospheres of the Satellites, dust and rings”.

Funder

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

Khalifa University’s Space and Planetary Science Center

Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

European Research Council

Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

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