Granuloma Annulare: A Clinical Update

Abstract

Abstract Purpose of Review Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, inflammatory granulomatous skin condition that can present as localized, disseminated, subcutaneous, perforating and a few other less prevalent subtypes. While GA may manifest as a self-limited condition, its distinctive feature of mimicking other diseases, and difficulties in distinguishing between subtypes, can add complexity to the diagnostic process. This review was conducted to evaluate the latest published studies and outline the options for GA treatment. Recent Findings Multiple treatment modalities for GA have been reported, including topical and oral treatment along with many procedures, wherefrom phototherapy remains the most well-studied option. Recently new studies have identified Th1, Th2, and JAK- STAT pathways dysregulation in GA skin lesions, and subsequently, promising effects have been reported with Th1, Th2, and JAK- STAT targeting therapy for GA. Summary There is still no gold standard for clinical management of GA. Evidence-based treatment recommendations derived from randomized control trials are scarce, since the majority of published research is confined to case reports, case series, and singular retrospective studies. Therapeutic approach may vary depending on the clinical subtype of GA, necessitating individualization based on patients preferences, possible side effects and risk-benefit ratio.