1. On expansion and contraction dynamics in symbolic politics, see Harold D. Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan, Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 1950, 104–107. See also E. E. Schattschneider, “The Contagiousness of Conflict,” in The Semisovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America (Hinsdale, IL: The Dryden Press, 1975), Ch. 1, 1–19.
2. Paul Hawken, Blessed Unrest: How the Largest Social Movement in History Is Restoring Grace, Justice, and Beauty to the World (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2007), 18.
3. For example, to address problems of coordination and continuity in veterans care, the report of the President’s Commission on Care for America’s Returning Wounded Warriors in July 2007 “recommended creating a ‘recovery plan’ for seriously injured military personnel and assigning one coordinator for each patient and their family to help them navigate the process of recovering and returning to duty or retiring from active service.” Jim Rutenberg and David S. Cloud, “Bush Panel Seeks Upgrade in Military Care,” New York Times (26 July 2007). On direction centers, see Garry D. Brewer and J. S. Kakalik, Handicapped Children: Strategies for Improving Services (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1979). A more recent example is Centrelink in Australia, “an ambitious project that draws together under one roof a variety of social services from eight different federal departments as well as from various state and territorial governments. The goal is to offer one-stop shopping across a variety of services for citizens.” Centrelink is one example of “Joined-Up Government” mentioned in Stephen Goldsmith and William D. Eggers, Governing by Network: The New Shape of the Public Sector (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2004), 15–17.
4. See Victor F. Ridgeway, “Dysfunctional Consequences of Performance Measures,” Admin. Sci. Quart. 1 (1956), 240–247; Nancy Cochran, “Grandma Moses and the ‘Corruption of Data,’” Evaluation Quart. 2 (1978), 363–373; Nancy Cochran, “Society as Emergent and More than Rational: An Essay on the Inappropriateness of Program Evaluation,” Policy Sciences 12 (1980), 113–129; Nancy Cochran, Andrew C. Gordon, and Merton S. Krause, “Proactive Records: Reflections on the Village Watchman,” Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 2 (September 1980), 5–18; W. Edwards Deming, Out of the Crisis (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, 1986); and the Congressional Budget Office, Using Performance Measures in the Federal Budget Process (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Budget Office, 1993). For an introduction and supplements to this literature, see Ronald D. Brunner, “Context-Sensitive Monitoring and Evaluation for the World Bank,” Policy Sciences 37 (2004), 103–136, especially 127–128. See also the work of Martin Landau cited in Ch. 4.
5. U.S. General Accounting Office, Global Warming: Difficulties Assessing Countries’ Progress Stabilizing Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, GAO/RCED-96-188 (November 1996), 4, 5. A subsequent report in December 2003 suggested improvements in emission reporting based on four economically developed and four developing nations, but drew no general conclusions. U.S. General Accounting Office, Climate Change: Selected Nations’ Reports on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Varied in Their Adherence to Standards, GAO-04-98 (December 2003).