1. According to Filipino historian Onofre D. Corpuz, “each barangay carried an extended family group, consisting of the head and his immediate family, as well as the families of his children, his brothers and sisters and the aged folk.” See his book The Philippines: The Modern Nation in Historical Perspective ( Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965 ).
2. See Zelia Nuttal, trans., “The Laws of the Indies,” Hispanic-American Historical Review,Vol. V, 1922. Certain provisions (Nos. 111–137) discussed the beginning of towns and cities in the Philippines.
3. Jaime T. Infante, The Political, Economic and Labor Climate in the Philippines (Pennsylvania: Industrial Research Unit, The Wharton School, Venice Hall/CS, 1980 ), pp. 5–7.
4. Ibid., pp. 5–7.
5. V. Donn Hart, The Philippine Plaza Complex: A Focal Point in Cultural Change (New Haven, CT: Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies, Cultural Report Series, 1955 ).