1. ANOM, Archives Nationales d’Outre-Mer (Colonial Archives), Aix en Provence.
2. ANOM FM SM SG/Reu c 382 d 3323.
3. British Library (BL), IOR (Indian Office records), Records of the Settlement of Aden, R/20/A/508, 1878.
4. Abdul, Sheriff, Slaves, Spices and Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770–1873 (London: James Currey, 1987).
5. Abernethy, David, The Dynamics of Global Dominance. European Empires Overseas (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).