1. Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration [ARCGI]. 1894.
2. Annual Report of the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York [ARCENY]. 1890.
3. Bandiera, Oriana, Imran Rasul, and Martina Viarengo [BRV]. 2013. The Making of Modern America: Migratory Flows in the Age of Mass Migration. Journal of Development Economics 102 (May): 23–47.
4. Bromwell, William J. 1856. History of Immigration to the United States. New York: Redfield.
5. Bureau of Statistics. 1903. Immigration into the United States… from 1820 to 1903. [Reprinted from Summary of Commerce and Finance for June 1903.] Treasury Department. Washington: Government Printing Office.