1. Beachamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of biomedical ethics. 4th ed. Oxford University Press; 1994.
2. The term “clinical ethics” describes an area of practice that a provider may have special training in, or the skill set any provider uses in addressing ethical issues in say to day practice. Fully defining and describing the term is outside the scope of this chapter but further information can be found at sites like http://www.asbh.org/publications/content/core.html. Last accessed 4-22-12.
3. Several cases have addressed this issue. For an example of the legal reasoning see Bouvia v Superior Court, 179 Cal. App 3d 1127. 1986.
4. Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 497 U.S. 261. 1990.
5. An example of the implementation of New York state’s 2010 Family Healthcare Decisions Act in an academic medical center can be found at http://www.amc.edu/academic/bioethics/documents/AMC_FHCDA_Article.pdf.