1. G. H. Martin, ‘The English borough in the thirteenth century’, in Holt and Rosser (eds), Medieval Town, pp. 29–48; J. F. Benson (ed.), Town Origins. The Evidence from Medieval England ( Boston, Mass., 1968 ).
2. S. Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300 (Oxford, 1984), pp. 155–218.
3. S. Reynolds, ‘Towns in Domesday Book’, in J. C. Holt (ed.), Domesday Studies (London, 1987 ), p. 306.
4. F. W. Maitland, Township and Borough (Cambridge, 1898 ), p. 173.
5. M. Gelling, The West Midlands in the Early Middle Ages (Leicester, 1992), pp. 153–5.